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Publications
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Pallet Disposal: Current Situation and Opportunities for Change
Bouffier, Cathy G.; Christopher C. Downing; B. William
Riall; Georgia Institute of Technology. 70
pages, 8 tables, 9 figures, references.
Pub. #93518
Price: $5.00
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Most manufacturing sectors ship or receive products on pallets, which requires the production of hundreds of millions of pallets each year. Over 90 percent of pallets used today are made of wood. Pallets are made of different quality woods and come in various sizes, two factors that affect their potential reuse. However, every pallet eventually requires disposal. The disposal of pallets and other types of wood wastes has been an issue for many years because of the amount of space they occupy in landfills when they could be recycled instead. Wood wastes typically are sent to a landfill or chipped to become a raw material or fuel. As landfill tipping fees and lumber costs rise, the interest in finding secondary uses increases. This report addresses the opportunity to divert pallets from Georgia's landfills to higher value uses by evaluating the market and economic and engineering requirements.
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Pellet Fuel Technology Demonstration Project
Winrock International. March 1997. 10 pages, appendices.
Pub. #95828
Price: $5.00
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This project was initiated to support/complement other efforts to increase demand for pellet fuel and pellet stoves by informing Arkansans about this technology. A traveling display trailer was purchased and used to demonstrate pellet stoves at numerous events throughout the state. At each exhibit, project brochures are distributed to inform the public about pellet fuel technology, its availability, and on-going demonstration projects. As a result of these and other efforts, including conventional marketing and promotional efforts by the pellet fuel/stove industry, project staff observed significant increases in consumer interest in the technology in Arkansas.
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Pellet Furnace Demonstration Project
Winrock International. August 1995. 16 pages, 1 figure, 8 tables.
Pub. #91321
Price: $5.00
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The objective of this project was to further promote the awareness and utilization of wood pellet fuel technology in Arkansas and the southeastern region by demonstrating fully operational commercial-scale pellet furnaces in commercial and agricultural applications. Four pellet-fired furnaces were installed and demonstrated during the 1993, 1994, and 1994-1995 heating seasons. Pamphlets, newspapers, televisions, visitations, and open houses at the demonstration sites were utilized to increase awareness of this technology.
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Pelletization of Switchgrass for Thermal Energy Generation
Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO. May 30, 1997. 7 pages, appendices.
Pub. #95804
Price: $5.00
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Because the state of Missouri imports most of the energy used within the state and nearly all, if not all, of that imported energy is fossil fuel, combined with the fact that imported petroleum constitutes nearly one- half of the United States trade deficit, domestic and alternative fuel sources need to be developed to lessen this dependency on outside factors. Switchgrass has been identified as one domestic alternative fuel that holds promise. The objective of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing pellets from switchgrass for use as fuel for thermal-energy generation. This project identified comparative production figures and developed pellet-manufacturing-process costs for switchgrass. The study determined thermal-energy generation costs, identified the pounds per hour for steam (thermal energy) production, and identified competitive cost per ton for switchgrass as compared to other biomass and fossil-fuel sources. The project was conducted in five phases: (1) switchgrass production, (2) pellet manufacture, (3) thermal energy generation, (4) analysis and report development, and (5) project results dissemination and educational workshop.
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Pelletizing Residues from the Municipal Solid Waste Stream
Bluegrass Regional Recycling Corporation, Lexington, Kentucky, August 10, 1998. 8 pages, appendices.
Pub. #01413
Price: $5.00
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The Bluegrass Regional Recycling Corporation (BRRC) is active in resource recovery activities and in the development of regional collection infrastructures for waste materials. The "BRRC integrated waste management system" was designed and installed for the purpose of providing marketing services for its numerous government affiliates. It is of primary concern that the BRRC educate and train governmental entities about technological advancements in the solid waste industry, including the development of alternative fuels from post-consumer and post-industrial waste.
This report is considered to be a continuing effort by the BRRC to change the perception of solid waste as a refuse to that of a "resource" when proper integrated waste management is implemented. The BRRC encourages the diversion of specific integrated materials from the solid waste stream to be combined in a "recipe" for an alternative fuel feedstock. Each integrated ingredient of the feedstock must be tested for BTU value, environmentally safe air emissions, and predictable ash disposal that would qualify as a resourceful use. Upon completion of laboratory activities, the ingredients can then be combined to form the ultimate recipe that will be further developed into a desired alternative fuel feedstock. This new alternative fuel is to be considered as a complimentary supplement to current primary sources of energy, i.e., coal and wood. The successful use of these new alternative fuels must perform as a better enhancement toward reduced air emissions than the use of only the primary source as stated. Test burns of recommended alternative fuels are necessary to determine the ultimate desired "recipe."
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| Permits, Regulations for Biomass Energy Facilities in the Southeast
DeZeeuw, Richard E., Robert L. Gay, Nero and Associates; Linda S. Craig, Lawrence & Craig, Inc.; Thomas R. Miles, Jr., Thomas R. Miles Consulting Engineers; Janet N. Cole, Mason Neck Associates. August 1986. 114 pages.
Pub. #67243
Price: $12.00
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This guidebook describes the state and federal regulations governing development of new biomass projects and conversion of existing systems to use biomass fuel. It is divided into four major sections: Planning Tools and Project Development; Environmental Impacts; Regulatory Agencies, Permits, and Standards; and Agency Addresses and Phone Numbers. A useful aspect of this guidebook is a series of charts (in various parts of the book) that help the reader determine who will have oversight on the activity being considered and how long it will take to obtain approval.
The review of environmental impacts of biomass facilities and general permit requirements is, in itself, a useful introduction to biomass energy that will help the regulator as well as the potential applicant in understanding a project. It also emphasizes that while biomass-fired projects are a desirable means of reusing "waste" products, they will, in turn, produce their own wastes which must be monitored, understood, and controlled. Fire, explosion, disease, and other hazards must be considered.
This guidebook does not detail the specific environmental and permit requirements since they will vary among states and even within states. Limited descriptions of environmental standards are included.
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| Pervaporative Dehydration of Ethanol
Gooding, Charles H., Clemson University. January 28, 1986. 41 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables.
Pub. #64323
Price: $5.00
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Four commercially available membranes are tested to determine whether they can be used to dehydrate ethanol at lower cost than conventional azeotropic methods. Two laboratory pervaporation units are built and more than 300 experiments run with four different types of membranes. Experimental setup, operating conditions and methods, limitations, and results are described. A computer program is devised to size equipment and determine capital and utility costs for a two-column membrane-aided distillation system using a membrane selection based on the results of the tests. A single-column simulation was also devised and run based on problems in the two-column design. Transport behavior in the pervaporation process is modeled to improve membrane performance.
The report includes three computer program listings, each with 237 to 253 lines of code plus comments.
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| Phase II Development of Biomass Dryer/Metering Bin
Engineered Energy Concepts, Inc., 25 pages, 15 figures.
Pub. #67214
Price: $5.00
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A dryer/metering bin is designed and upgraded to reduce its price and improve its operating efficiency. This project is an extension of work initiated under TV-67213 by the same firm. The major deterrent to converting to dry wood duel is the initial cost, which can include the cost of the dryer-$40,000 or more. A combined dryer/metering bin was installed in late 1984 and proved that the concept of drying and metering fuel from the same structure is feasible. This prototype was operated and modified to further develop a system that can be produced at an affordable price (about $25,000) for the typical wood processor. The system works by injected hot, dry air through the lower portion of the sawdust load and drawing it upward by evacuating air from the top of the dryer.
Proposed modification, described in detail, included insulating the dryer, building a circular rather than square structure, adding more injectors, and re-sizing the fan and duct.
The modified dryer/metering bin has proven unsuccessful in simplifying the structure and reducing components. While the target price was not met, it is believed that additional wood-processing systems will cost only $30,000 retail.
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| Pilot Study Evaluating a Hybrid Anaerobic Lagoon Concept, A
Pierson, John A., Wallace, Robert W.,
Mustonen, David T., Giacona, John J., Cook, John T., Georgia Tech Research Institute. 1995. 64 pages, 15 figures, 14 tables, refs.
Pub. #87739
Price: $5.00
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Anaerobic digestion of waste from a chicken processing plant was evaluated in three simulated anaerobic lagoons consisting of 500 gallon covered plastic tanks representing a normal lagoon without internal structure, a lagoon with transverse baffles, and a lagoon with transverse baffles containing chopped tires to increase biofilm forming area. The objective was to evaluate methods of increasing the loading rates of anaerobic lagoons by flow control and emulation of high-rate packed tank digesters, thus improving lagoon performance and reducing lagoon size. Loading rates were gradually increased over a period of months to failure as indicated by total COD reduction and methane production. Performance of the lagoon containing tire packing was superior by these standards. Design considerations to ensure favorable hydraulic flow regimes are discussed.
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| Potential of TVA's Wood Saccharification Lignin for Use in Phenolic Resins
Glasser, Wolfgang, VPI&SU. December 5, 1986. 28 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, references.
Pub. #64326
Price: $5.00
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The solid residue from TVA's two-stage, sulfuric acid-based wood hydrolysis operation at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, was tested for its utility in making phenol formaldehyde resins. The solid residue yielded 5 to 60 percent (by weight) of a uniform solvent and alkali soluble lignin-like fraction which varied in relation to its molecular weight characteristics. A 40 percent aqueous ethanol soluble fraction proved to be structurally more condensed than comparable lignin isolated by an alkaline or organic process. This lignin proved to be relatively unresponsive to attempts to modify it chemical with formaldehyde and phenol. Phenolic resins were formulated with a 45 percent solids content in a two-stage resin cook procedure with >50 percent replacement of phenol by lignin. These resins were evaluated by thermal analysis with regard to cure and by shear block testing with regard to strength. Results demonstrated that phenolic resins could be formulated which differ insignificantly from lignin-free control resins in terms of viscosity, cure rate, activation energy of the curing reaction, and strength performance if certain precautions were taken. Although adhesive strength characteristics are more variable than control resin and network formation characteristics are inferior to other lignin products, the results encourage larger scale testing of a suitable lignin fraction in plywood-type phenolic resins.
Experimental materials and methods are described. Results and discussions cover lignin fractionation, chemical modification with formaldehyde and phenol, phenol formaldehyde resin formation, thermal resin analysis, adhesive strength testing, and performance in other types of network materials.
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| Potential to Use Wood Residues as an Energy Source in West Virginia: A Strategic Plan
Curt C. Hassler, Appalachian Hardwood Center, West Virginia University. May 1994. 69 pages, 19 tables, refs.
Pub. #87742
Price: $5.00
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Wood is a large portion of West Virginia's economy, and disposal of wood residue is a problem for the state and its industry. This report reviews options for using residues from processing log-to-lumber processing (sawdust, bark, chips, etc.). Potential users were surveyed to determine actual and perceived barriers to using wood residues as an energy source. Most respondents consider waste wood to be an excellent alternative to fossil fuels, yet most were also concerned about cost and environmental aspects. Regulatory and industry inconsistencies were identified. Recommendations for improved waste wood use are made.
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| Poultry Litter Combustion System
General Technology, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, August 17, 1998. 29 pages, 15 figures.
Pub. #213587
Price: $5.00
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The primary objective of this project was to design and build an efficient and clean-burning combustor using biomass (poultry litter) as a fuel based on patented technology. A new and unique laboratory-scale combustor has been constructed. The combustor is so designed that it is in modular form. The advantage of modular form is that each component can be tested, modified, and manufactured independently. It is also easy to assemble and transport for installation on site. Environmental and economic benefits are discussed. Details of the construction process are given.
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| Preliminary Final Report: Development of an Environmentally Friendly Firelog from Agricultural and Wood Residues
de Hoop, Cornelis F., and W. Ramsay Smith, Louisiana Forest Products Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA. August 20, 1998. 9 pages, picture.
Pub. #219695
Price: $2.00
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Since agriculture and forestry are the second largest employers in the state of Louisiana and disposal of wood wastes can pose problems for both air and water, the Louisiana Forest Products Laboratory is looking at a potential solution for the consumption of a portion of these residues in the manufacture of an environmentally friendly firelog. The firelogs currently available are not ideal because they either contain petrochemicals are very dense. The firelogs which contain petrochemical products used as binders develop air emission problems by emitting VOCs and can build up excessively dangerous creosote levels in chimneys within a short time. The "presto" type logs without binders have to be compacted or densified to the extent they are hard to light and heavy to carry, making them unattractive to the average homeowner.
Besides the overall objective of developing an environmentally friendly firelog through the use of agricultural and wood residues, the objectives of this project were to (1) develop an organic binder which burns clean so that control of firelog density and hence weight can be more accurately controlled, (2) determine compatible raw materials for clean combustion, and (3) determine proper agriculture/wood residue and organic binder ratios to provide proper density for required burn life. The report gives a brief synopsis of 11 pieces of literature that were reviewed for information on the use of wood. In addition, a 42-inch fireplace insert was installed, along with 12 feet of chimney pipe and a cap, at Louisiana State University's rotary kiln incinerator facility as a stand-along unit so that air emissions parameter readings could be taken for a related project. Binders still need to be analyzed, and plans are being made for combustion tests in the laboratory on the most promising raw materials. The project will continue for another year with other funding.
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| Preliminary Report on Assessment of Air Emissions of Environmentally
Friendly Firelogs From Agricultural and Wood Residues
de Hoop, Cornelis F., Louisiana State University
(LSU) Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA. 71 pages.
Pub. #232151
Price: $10.00
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Agricultural and wood products residue disposal is a growing problem, especially for smaller secondary wood processing facilities. Instead of hauling this material to a landfill or burning it in the open, they could be used to produce environmentally friendly firelogs. There is a market for a firelog that does not produce petrochemicals, is still easy to light, burns for two to three hours, and weighs less than 4 pounds. One developing study focuses on developing a binder from agricultural residues which burns cleanly and is capable of providing stability to the firelog during burning. Other steps to accomplish the task are development of production machinery for the firelog industry, analysis of the air emissions, and marketing/commercial development of the product. This project focuses on the analysis of burn characteristics and air emissions and compares these with dry firewood and currently available commercial
firelogs.
The researchers collected samples of air quality regulations from Missoula, Montana; California; and New England in order to ensure that all legal air quality parameters were addressed in subsequent testing. The firelogs were tested at LSU for air pollutant parameters and greenhouse gases with a 2-million BTU/hr pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator (RKI). The monitoring system is capable of monitoring CO2, CO, O2, HCI. NOx, SOx, and THC and has a mass spectrometer. Since the incinerator would burn firelogs too fast for residential use simulation, a free-standing fireplace was installed adjacent to the incinerator so that the exhaust could be routed through the sensory equipment. The continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) was calibrated to known quantities of the parameters. Particulates had already been filtered in this process, so it was straightforward to measure their quantities.
Two replications of tests of emission from red oak firewood and five commercially available firelogs have been performed up to this point. The report summarizes the data from the test runs and includes charts and graphs of data from the burns. Additional tests are planned when new firelogs are developed.
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| Preliminary Survey of the Market for Residential-Quality Wood Pellets, A
J. Fred Allen, Georgia Forestry Commission. August 1992. 34 pages, 1 figures, 4 tables, refs.
Pub. #87285
Price: $5.00
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This project was designed to determine the need for additional wood pellet manufacturing capability to serve the state of Georgia, but was terminated early when three manufacturers announced plans to produce pellets. Data collected at that point were published in this report. Key issues investigated were the industry outlook (including whether additional capability was needed) and a competitive analysis of key players, strategies, and intensity of competition. The first section gives a brief industry overview of pellet stoves and wood pellets. A market overview examines pellet stoves, sales, and prices, typical consumers, residue availability, and the situation in the southeast. Stove manufacturers and distributors were surveyed to determine sales and fuel needs. Pellet stove consumers are described as middle-age professionals who first used wood stoves in the 1970s and now prefer the convenience of wood pellet stoves, and who are environmentally aware. Sales in Georgia and the southeast are difficult to justify, though, because of the relatively short, mild winters compared to the Northwest where most units are sold. Establishing a regional mill would reduce the transportation share of pellet costs and thus improve sales potential in the state. Survey instruments are described in the appendix.
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| Pressure Steam Drying of Hardwood Biomass for Fuel
Mitchell, Philip H., Mississippi Forest Products Laboratory. August 25, 1986. 33 pages, 15 figures, 11 tables.
Pub. #64321
Price: $5.00
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A method for economical, efficient drying of previously "undesirable" hardwoods is tested and described. The use of superheated steam to dry four types of hardwood was evaluated to measure drying rate, recoverable energy, and the effect on biomass fuel value. The bulk of the report comprises graphic and tabular presentations of data gathered in test runs. The tests demonstrated that a high rate of drying can be obtained by pressurized steam drying of chips while providing the potential to recover much of the energy used in drying. Publication in Wood and Fiber Science is anticipated.
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Processing Cost Analysis for
Biomass Feedstocks
Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, October 2002. 52 pages, 9 tables, 33
figures, references.
Pub. #00020
Price: $20.00
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The purpose of this study was
twofold: (1) to identify and characterize all the receiving,
handling, storing, and processing steps required to make woody
biomass feedstocks suitable for use in direct combustion and
gasification applications, including small modular biopower (SMB)
systems, and (2) to estimate the capital and operating costs at
each step. Since biopower applications can be varied, a number
of conversion systems and feedstocks required evaluation. In
addition to limiting this study to woody biomass feedstocks, the
boundaries of this study were from the power plant gate to the
feedstock entry point into the conversion device. Although some
power plants are sited at a source of wood waste fuel, it was
assumed for this study that all wood waste would be brought to
the power plant site.
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| Production and Adsorption of Oligomeric Sugars in Acid Hydrolyzates
Sitton, O. C., University of Missouri-Rolla. November 25, 1987. 40 pages, 29 figures, 10 tables, references.
Pub. #70741
Price: $5.00
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Development work on a rector to reduce cellulose (sawdust and corn stover) to polymeric sugars (oligomers) is summarized. Although most biomass projects deal with combustion of wood products, alternative uses include production of immediate compounds such as sugars. Earlier work on this project established a process to separate sugars from hydrolyzate solutions; this effort incorporates the separation modules into a TVA pilot plant. In the process outlined, complex sugars are easily separated without vacuum drying and with easy recycling of the acid catalyst.
The process was developed by experiments in one-liter isothermal reaction vessels. Cellulose is hydrolyzed into glucose either directly or after long reaction times. These experiments determined the optimal mix and conditions. Optimal production conditions, as well as the results of non-optimal conditions, are described and graphed. Equations to determine the equilibrium conditions in the system of cellobiose, glucose and concentrated acid, and their associated reaction rates and equations, are given.
A test unit sized to produce 200 grams/45 minutes was developed and tested. Results are given in tabular form. Graph data include hydrolysis, glucose, degradation, cellobiose, depolymerization, sugar solution composition, mole ratios, and reaction rates. (See also No. 64325.)
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| Production and Distribution of Wood Pellets
S.W. Arends, Arends Grain Co., June 6, 1993.
4 pages.
Pub. #87740
Price: $5.00
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This report described the experience
of Arends Farms in modifying an existing farm-related
pellet-production plant to produce and market wood pellets form
sawdust made by area suppliers. The intent was to produce and
market fuelwood pellets to a residential market within a
200-mile radius. Several start-up and operation as problems, and
their solutions, are described.
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| Production and Fermentation of Crystalline Sugars from Biomass
Sitton, Oliver C., University of Missouri-Rolla. April 15, 1987. 17 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, references.
Pub. #64325
Price: $5.00
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A technique developed to improve the economics of producing sugars-primarily glucose and xylose-can be produced by mixing lignocellulosic materials with mineral acid catalysts. The two principal methods either have large yields over large periods of time, or small yields over short periods. This work investigates adsorbing the sugar onto a solid surface to purify and recycle the mineral acid catalyst, then remove the sugar from the surface with a hot organic solvent that produces solid sugar on cooling. The sugars can then be fermented by yeast into ethyl alcohol. Four activities described in this report are screening appropriate adsorbents, investigating the removal or inhibitory materials, immobilizing the yeast in polymer gels, and analyzing the performance of the yeast at high sugar concentrations with simultaneous removal of the ethyl alcohol product. (See also No. 70741.)
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| Projects to Promote Increased Use of Wood Byproducts in West Virginia
West Virginia Development Office, Charleston, WV. April 17, 1996. 7 pages, 1 table, attachments.
Pub. #94019
Price: $20.00
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Efforts must be put into statewide activities in order to find ways to eliminate the barriers that exist in West Virginia to using wood residues as a source of energy and other uses. This project addresses three of those barriers to using wood residues that pertain to the unique supply and demand circumstances in West Virginia: (1) lack of communication within the wood industry, (2) the negative image wood energy has in West Virginia, and (3) the potential acceptance of wood by a large user. The objectives of this project are to attempt to overcome these barriers by (1) creating a database network of producers and users of wood residues; (2) generating an information packet of successful uses of wood residues; and (3) surveying utilities and the West Virginia Public Service Commission to determine barriers to the increased use of wood residues for fuel.
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| Promote Commercial and Industrial Use of Raw Wood as a Fuel Source
Darwin, W. D., Governor's Office, Division of Energy, Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1990. 97 pages, 19 tables.
Pub. #77059
Price: $5.00
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This project was initiated to find areas where waste wood could replace fossil fuels in South Carolina's manufacturing industry. State officials view it as having a potential "double barrel" effect that would benefit wood producers and residue users. More than 1,200 manufacturers were mailed survey forms to identify those who use more than 30,000 MCF of natural gas in manufacturing; more than 100 conversion candidates were identified and contacted by phone (technical feasibility was not determined, though). Fossil and wood residue fuels are summarized, and efforts by the manufacturing industry to convert are described (company addresses and contact names are included). The bulk of the report comprises the results of mail and phone surveys, a listing by Standard Industrial Codes (SIC), an economic evaluation, and an assessment of wood residue.
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| Promotion of Biomass Energy Program in West Virginia
Appalachian Hardwood Center, Morgan-town, WV.
Pub. #211177
Price: $5.00
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Since 1987, the Appalachian Hardwood Center has been working to find increased uses for wood residues, particularly sawdust, generated in West Virginia. In this regard, various research and technology transfer activities have been conducted. Statewide efforts have aimed both to increase demand and decrease supply of wood residues.
These projects have included a clearinghouse of wood residue producers and users, a brochure of successful wood residue combustion systems, a permitting guide to wood residue combustion systems, and an examination of the potential of electric utilities in West Virginia to co-fire using wood residues. This project included updating several dated items, including the survey of wood-fired boilers done in 1992 as well as writing and printing additional promotional items.
Available items include the West Virginia Wood Residue and By-Products Users Directory; the Guide to Regulations and Permits for the Installation of Wood-Fired Combustion Systems in West Virginia; West Virginia Wood By-Products Available and Needed, July 1997; Wood-fired Boiler Use in West Virginia - 1992 to 1997; an article submitted to the Forest Products Journal entitled "Changes in Wood-Fired Boiler Use in West Virginia"; and two fact sheets, "Successful Biomass Fuel Project" and "Overview of Wood-Fired Boiler Use in West Virginia."
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| Proposal to Develop a Dedicated Biomass Feedstock System for Production of Ethanol and Electricity
Wheelabrator Ridge Energy, Inc., Auburndale, FL, September 18, 1998. 13 pages.
Pub.#211531
Price: $5.00
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Wheelabrator Ridge Energy, Inc., owns and operates Ridge Generating Station, a 45-megawatt electric power production facility located near Auburndale, Florida. The facility currently utilizes various types of waste wood, scrap tires, and landfill gas as fuels.
Wheelabrator has conducted a pilot study growing sugarcane on reclaimed clay soil near Bartow, Florida. Wheelabrator has teamed with faculty members of the University of Florida and others to test the feasibility of using commercial mechanical sugarcane harvesting equipment to harvest unburned sugarcane on phosphatic clay soil. Wheelabrator is examining the possibility of converting an existing ethanol plant designed to produce ethanol from grain to use sugarcane juice and then burning the presscake to generate electricity.
The objectives of this project were to: (1) demonstrate mechanical harvest of unburned sugarcane on phosphatic clay soil; (2) press juice from sugarcane samples, determine sugar content (Brix), and ferment samples to estimate ethanol yield; (3) analyze samples of the presscake for moisture and combustion characteristics; (4) estimate biomass yield of sugarcane; and (5) produce a video of harvest operations with interviews of key project participants.
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| Psychrophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manures
L. M. Safely, Jr., Biological & Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State U. Jan. 5, 1993. 18 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, refs.
Pub. #84062
Price: $5.00
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This project simulated biogas production from flushed dairy and flushed swine manure over a range of temperatures (10° to 25° C) found in anaerobic lagoons in the Southeast. Eight 2-liter digesters were used inside incubators to ensure stable temperatures. After biogas production stabilized, the digester temperature was lowered gradually and gas production changes were measured. Equipment, procedures, pre-and post-test analyses used in the experiment are described. The investigators determined that biogas production can be ensured over a temperature range of 10° to 23° C. The report includes a schematic of the laboratory digester apparatus and four graphs of methane yield vs. temperature for various manure loads.
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Copyright 1999-2006 by General*Bioenergy. All rights reserved.
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